CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background of the Study
For several people, meeting is one of
annoying moments in their life. In any occasions, such as routine, accidental
and other kinds of meeting, for instance formal and informal meeting that most
of them often cause the arguments fight, tricks and tactics from each other to
influence the meeting participants. Moreover, the disagreement or conflict regularly
occurred here, because of misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the
language meaning used in the meetings.
For that reason, a leader needed in
such meeting who is able to handle those problems in order to reach a
conducive, effective and efficient meeting. But it is not easy enough to do,
neither a leader who master all of meeting materials nor he or she must be able
to manage several “critical minds” within one
space. As well as another thing important which common being a principle thing
in a meeting is the certain language use. This is not everyday language used by
everyone in every time, and nowadays not many people who are able to use or
just know this meeting language. That is why in this paper, the researcher
would like to present how important the language use in taking the role or
leading the meeting (conversation) is.
When a meeting participant wants to use appropriate sentences in his or her meetings, and as the participant is going to present his or her argument and
opinion, tries to show the agreement or disagreement, interrupts and questions someone, wants to clarify something, tells
the purpose of conversation, even persuade, demonstrates the importance and certainty, or compromise
anything.
Furthermore if there is a sentence
“Has it occurred to you that......?” the hearer will not know what the speaker means directly, he
or she needs to guess or see what exactly the speaker’s interpersonal meaning
to hearer. There are several ways to know the interpersonal meaning produced by
the speaker’s language, for instance; the hearer has to know the meaning through its speech acts, the
locution, illocution, perlocution acts, direct or indirect conversation, proposition,
conversational implicature and its felicity condition before. Hence he or she
needs to learn pragmatics.
Essentially, there are many
definitions of pragmatics, such as the pragmatics
works for delivering through utterances and the meaning,
or several definitions stated by George Yule in the book translated by Indah
Fajar Wahyuni entitled “Pragmatik” defines that pragmatics is the study of what the speaker means (2006: 3), the study of contextual
meaning, the study of the way to understand more than talk, and the study of utterance from the distance of
relation (2006: 4).
Meanwhile, according to Gorys Keraf
that lots of businessmen, professional staffs, lecturers and other peoples who
have used English as a means to communicate, to extend self-expression and (for
integration) to organize the social control (1984: 4) in their meetings,
conversations or any communications. Yet it does not guarantee enough for speaker
to be able to speak and deliver his or her sense and purpose directly and well.
In this paper, the researcher gives
the best way for readers understanding the theory of speaker’s interpersonal meaning within the effective and efficient role-taking in
English-speaking meetings, because
of English for conversation have the certain patterns and characteristics;
therefore this paper tries to guide the
readers to be effective and efficient in leading or
taking the role in any conversations (meeting).
B.
Limitation of the
Problem
The researcher would like to limit
the scope of problems to the following study in order to avoid
misinterpretation of the problems; from the research entitled ”A Descriptive Study on Locution,
Illocution and Perlocution Acts in the Effective and Efficient Role-Taking in
English-Speaking Meetings (Pragmatics Analysis in Speaking III Academic Year of
2009-2010),” the researcher describes and identifies the interpersonal meaning
found in English department students’ conversation videos of Speaking III in
the academic year of 2009-2010.
The following are the types of
interpersonal meaning proposed by Hurford and Heasley with the book “semantics:
a coursebook” which may be found in English students’ conversation videos of Speaking
III:
a. Speech
acts
b. Perlocutions and illocutions
c. Felicity
conditions
d. Direct and indirect illocutions
e. Proposition
and illocutions
f.
Conversational
implicature (1983: 232).
However, the researcher focuses on
analyzing the students’ utterances within the conversation videos, or the
speaker’s meaning analyzed with the theory of locution (act of saying something),
illocution (act of doing something) and perlocution (act of affecting someone),
as every sentence has three things above, the researcher encourage himself to apply
the theories in this research.
C.
Statement of the Problem
Based on the background of the study,
the researcher formulates the problems as follows:
1. What is (are) the kind(s) of interpersonal
meaning found in English department
students’ conversation videos of Speaking III in the academic year of 2009-2010
and divide into each locution, perlocution and illocution theory?
2. What is (are) the benefit(s) of interpersonal
meaning theory (locution, perlocution and illocution theory) to the effective
and efficient role-taking in English-speaking meeting (conversation)?
3. How is the English-speaking conversation
effective and efficient in taking the role?
D.
Objective of the Study
As many people know that finding the
research about pragmatics analysis is not easy for the academic workers,
especially for English students who will face the graduation. Therefore this
research project tries to give little bit description toward English academic
workers and other persons who need it.
Found in the background of the study
and statement of the problem; the researcher determines:
1. The research project is made to know the kind(s)
of interpersonal meaning found in English
department students’ conversation videos of Speaking III in the academic year
of 2009-2010 and divide into each locution, perlocution and illocution theory.
2. Worked as the proof to see the benefit(s) of
interpersonal meaning theory (locution, perlocution and illocution theory) to
the effective and efficient role-taking in English-speaking meeting
(conversation).
3. In order for the English academic workers are
able to know how the English-speaking conversation is effective and efficient
in taking the role.
E.
Benefit of the Study
This research project is expected to
be useful for:
1. Academic benefits
This paper is
expected to be the new information that delivers the contribution for English
academic workers or lecturers, especially for linguistic lecturers in
developing the material related to pragmatics and other linguistic fields. Otherwise,
as the useful reference for students who is doing the graduating paper
preparation about pragmatics.
The researcher
and further students are able to use this paper as an additional source to
widen the knowledge about pragmatics study, particularly in interpersonal
meaning scope; moreover, the
readers are allowed to recognize the differences of each type of locution,
perlocution and illocution theory and to understand the application as well as
the benefits.
2. Practical benefits
The paper is
aimed in order to give the opportunity for students or other researchers to be
more active for making the advance researches related to this subject
(pragmatics), because of little in quantity, those kind of researches are still
much needed while looking for a single pragmatics research is quite difficult
currently.
While the benefits for lecturers,
students and everyone who use this research are helpful in their life, they are
able to understand the essential of interpersonal meaning within their
conversation, practically they communicate each other well; be smart to place
themselves in communication contextually. In addition, they understand the good
way to lead the meeting, and finally they can take the role inside.
F.
Literature Review
The researcher takes review of
related literature by previous researchers as the principles or comparisons
with this research.
The first one has been done by Septi
Wulandari (2006) entitled A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF POLITENESS IN ADDRESS
TERM USED IN TITANIC MOVIE MANUSCRIPT. She has analyzed the possible Politeness
Principle (PP) examples established in that movie manuscript.
The second one is A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY
OF REGISTERS FOUND IN SPOKEN AND WRITTEN COMMUNICATION (SEMANTIC ANALYSIS) by
Nurul Hidayah (2005). This is one of graduating papers example that guide the
researcher to learn more about a descrptive study.
And the last one is a graduating
paper about sociolinguistics written by Henny Widhi Astuti (2010) entitled A
DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF CODE MIXING AND CODE SWITCHING USED IN ANDREA HIRATA’S
NOVEL ENTITLED MARYAMAH KARPOV. She has helped the researcher to compose his
research design (proposal), because her graduating paper has the similar type
of research with his research project.
As the related graduating papers
mentioned above, there is little bit difficulty for researcher finding the
pragmatics research examples, however he is sure that all of related literature
papers above have been able to be appropriate references for designing this
research project and completely making the report.
G.
Graduating Paper
Outlines
The report of research or the
graduating paper is presented structurally as follows:
Chapter I: INTRODUCTION consists of
background of the problem, limitation of the problem, statement of the problem,
objective of the study, benefit of the study, literature review and graduating
paper outlines.
Chapter II: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
consists of the explanation of pragmatics (study) analysis, personality
dimension of interpersonal meaning theory (locution, illocution and perlocution
theory), review and the implication of effective and efficient role-taking in
English-speaking meeting (conversation) in a pragmatics analysis.
Chapter III: RESEARCH METHOD AND DATA
PRESENTATION consists of the research approach, research subject, source of
data, unit of analysis, technique of analysis and technique of collecting data.
Chapter IV: DATA ANALYSIS consists of
discussion and data analysis, and then followed by final analysis.
Chapter V: CLOSURE consists of
conclusion and suggestion. Moreover, the last parts are bibliography,
curriculum vitae, and appendix.
Komentar
Posting Komentar